BOOK II ON THE THEORY OF WAR（2）

　　CHAPTER3ARTORSCIENCEOFWAR

　　1.—USAGESTILLUNSETTLED(POWERANDKNOWLEDGE.SCIENCEWHENMEREKNOWING;ART,WHENDOING,ISTHEOBJECT.)

　　THEchoicebetweenthesetermsseemstobestillunsettled,andnooneseemstoknowrightlyonwhatgroundsitshouldbedecided,andyetthethingissimple.Wehavealreadysaidelsewherethat"knowing"issomethingdifferentfrom"doing."Thetwoaresodifferentthattheyshouldnoteasilybemistakentheonefortheother.The"doing"cannotproperlystandinanybook,andthereforealsoArtshouldneverbethetitleofabook.Butbecausewehaveonceaccustomedourselvestocombineinconception,underthenameoftheoryofArt,orsimplyArt,the

　　anchesofknowledge(whichmaybeseparatelypuresciences)necessaryforthepracticeofanArt,thereforeitisconsistenttocontinuethisgroundofdistinction,andtocalleverythingArtwhentheobjectistocarryoutthe"doing"(beingable),asforexample,Artofbuilding;Science,whenmerelyknowledgeistheobject;asScienceofmathematics,ofastronomy.ThatineveryArtcertaincompletesciencesmaybeincludedisintelligibleofitself,andshouldnotperplexus.ButstillitisworthobservingthatthereisalsonosciencewithoutamixtureofArt.Inmathematics,forinstance,theuseoffiguresandofalge

　　aisanArt,butthatisonlyoneamongstmanyinstances.Thereasonis,thathoweverplainandpalpablethedifferenceisbetweenknowledgeandpowerinthecompositeresultsofhumanknowledge,yetitisdifficulttotraceouttheirlineofseparationinmanhimself.

　　2.DIFFICULTYOFSEPARATINGPERCEPTIONFROMJUDGMENT(ARTOFWAR.)

　　AllthinkingisindeedArt.Wherethelogiciandrawstheline,wherethepremisesstopwhicharetheresultofcognition—wherejudgmentbegins,thereArtbegins.Butmorethanthiseventheperceptionofthemindisjudgmentagain,andconsequentlyArt;andatlast,eventheperceptionbythesensesaswell.Inaword,ifitisimpossibletoimagineahumanbeingpossessingmerelythefacultyofcognition,devoidofjudgmentorthereverse,soalsoArtandSciencecanneverbecompletelyseparatedfromeachother.Themorethesesubtleelementsoflightembodythemselvesintheoutwardformsoftheworld,somuchthemoreseparateappeartheirdomains;andnowoncemore,wheretheobjectiscreationandproduction,thereistheprovinceofArt;wheretheobjectisinvestigationandknowledgeScienceholdssway.—AfterallthisitresultsofitselfthatitismorefittingtosayArtofWarthanScienceofWar.

　　Somuchforthis,becausewecannotdowithouttheseconceptions.ButnowwecomeforwardwiththeassertionthatWarisneitheranArtnoraScienceintherealsignification,andthatitisjustthesettingoutfromthatstarting-pointofideaswhichhasledtoawrongdirectionbeingtaken,whichhascausedWartobeputonaparwithotherartsandsciences,andhasledtoanumberoferroneousanalogies.

　　Thishasindeedbeenfeltbeforenow,andonthatitwasmaintainedthatWarisahandicraft;buttherewasmorelostthangainedbythat,forahandicraftisonlyaninferiorart,andassuchisalsosubjecttodefiniteandrigidlaws.InrealitytheArtofWardidgoonforsometimeinthespiritofahandicraft—wealludetothetimesoftheCondottieri—butthenitreceivedthatdirection,notfromintrinsicbutfromexternalcauses;andmilitaryhistoryshowshowlittleitwasatthattimeinaccordancewiththenatureofthething.

　　3.WARISPARTOFTHEINTERCOURSEOFTHEHUMANRACE

　　WesaythereforeWarbelongsnottotheprovinceofArtsandSciences,buttotheprovinceofsociallife.Itisaconflictofgreatinterestswhichissettledbybloodshed,andonlyinthatisitdifferentfromothers.Itwouldbebetter,insteadofcomparingitwithanyArt,tolikenittobusinesscompetition,whichisalsoaconflictofhumaninterestsandactivities;anditisstillmorelikeStatepolicy,whichagain,onitspart,maybelookeduponasakindofbusinesscompetitiononagreatscale.Besides,StatepolicyisthewombinwhichWarisdeveloped,inwhichitsoutlinesliehiddeninarudimentarystate,likethequalitiesoflivingcreaturesintheirgerms.

　　4.DIFFERENCE

　　Theessentialdifferenceconsistsinthis,thatWarisnoactivityofthewill,whichexertsitselfuponinanimatematterlikethemechanicalArts;oruponalivingbutstillpassiveandyieldingsubject,likethehumanmindandthehumanfeelingsintheidealArts,butagainstalivingandreactingforce.HowlittlethecategoriesofArtsandSciencesareapplicabletosuchanactivitystrikesusatonce;andwecanunderstandatthesametimehowthatconstantseekingandstrivingafterlawslikethosewhichmaybedevelopedoutofthedeadmaterialworldcouldnotbutleadtoconstanterrors.AndyetitisjustthemechanicalArtsthatsomepeoplewouldimitateintheArtofWar.TheimitationoftheidealArtswasquiteoutofthequestion,becausethesethemselvesdispensetoomuchwithlawsandrules,andthosehithertotried,alwaysacknowledgedasinsufficientandone-sided,areperpetuallyunderminedandwashedawaybythecurrentofopinions,feelings,andcustoms.

　　Whethersuchaconflictoftheliving,astakesplaceandissettledinWar,issubjecttogenerallaws,andwhetherthesearecapableofindicatingausefullineofaction,willbepartlyinvestigatedinthisbook;butsomuchisevidentinitself,thatthis,likeeveryothersubjectwhichdoesnotsurpassourpowersofunderstanding,maybelightedup,andbemademoreorlessplaininitsinnerrelationsbyaninquiringmind,andthataloneissufficienttorealisetheideaofaTHEORY.

　　CHAPTER4METHODICISM

　　INordertoexplainourselvesclearlyastotheconceptionofmethod,andmethodofaction,whichplaysuchanimportantpartinWar,wemustbeallowedtocastahastyglanceatthelogicalhierarchythroughwhich,asthroughregularlyconstitutedofficialfunctionaries,theworldofactionisgoverned.

　　LAW,inthewidestsensestrictlyapplyingtoperceptionaswellasaction,hasplainlysomethingsubjectiveandarbitraryinitsliteralmeaning,andexpressesjustthatonwhichweandthosethingsexternaltousaredependent.Asasubjectofcognition,LAWistherelationofthingsandtheireffectstooneanother;asasubjectofthewill,itisamotiveofaction,andisthenequivalenttoCOMMANDorPROHIBITION.

　　PRINCIPLEislikewisesuchalawforaction,exceptthatithasnottheformaldefinitemeaning,butisonlythespiritandsenseoflawinordertoleavethejudgmentmorefreedomofapplicationwhenthediversityoftherealworldcannotbelaidholdofunderthedefiniteformofalaw.Asthejudgmentmustofitselfsuggestthecasesinwhichtheprincipleisnotapplicable,thelatterthereforebecomesinthatwayarealaidorguidingstarforthepersonacting.

　　PrincipleisOBJECTIVEwhenitistheresultofobjectivetruth,andconsequentlyofequalvalueforallmen;itisSUBJECTIVE,andthengenerallycalledMAXIMiftherearesubjectiverelationsinit,andifitthereforehasacertainvalueonlyforthepersonhimselfwhomakesit.

　　RULEisfrequentlytakeninthesenseofLAW,andthenmeansthesameasPrinciple,forwesay"norulewithoutexceptions,"butwedonotsay"nolawwithoutexceptions,"asignthatwithRULEweretaintoourselvesmorefreedomofapplication.

　　InanothermeaningRULEisthemeansusedofdiscerningareconditetruthinaparticularsignlyingcloseathand,inordertoattachtothisparticularsignthelawofactiondirecteduponthewholetruth.Ofthiskindarealltherulesofgamesofplay,alla

　　idgedprocessesinmathematics,&c.

　　DIRECTIONSandINSTRUCTIONSaredeterminationsofactionwhichhaveaninfluenceuponanumberofminorcircumstancestoonumerousandunimportantforgenerallaws.

　　Lastly,METHOD,MODEOFACTING,isanalwaysrecurringproceedingselectedoutofseveralpossibleones;andMETHODICISM(METHODISMUS)isthatwhichisdeterminedbymethodsinsteadofbygeneralprinciplesorparticularprescriptions.Bythisthecaseswhichareplacedundersuchmethodsmustnecessarilybesupposedalikeintheiressentialparts.Astheycannotallbethis,thenthepointisthatatleastasmanyaspossibleshouldbe;inotherwords,thatMethodshouldbecalculatedonthemostprobablecases.Methodicismisthereforenotfoundedondeterminedparticularpremises,butontheaverageprobabilityofcasesonewithanother;anditsultimatetendencyistosetupanaveragetruth,theconstantanduniform,applicationofwhichsoonacquiressomethingofthenatureofamechanicalappliance,whichintheenddoesthatwhichisrightalmostunwittingly.

　　TheconceptionoflawinrelationtoperceptionisnotnecessaryfortheconductofWar,becausethecomplexphenomenaofWararenotsoregular,andtheregulararenotsocomplex,thatweshouldgainanythingmorebythisconceptionthanbythesimpletruth.Andwhereasimpleconceptionandlanguageissufficient,toresorttothecomplexbecomesaffectedandpedantic.TheconceptionoflawinrelationtoactioncannotbeusedinthetheoryoftheconductofWar,becauseowingtothevariablenessanddiversityofthephenomenathereisinitnodeterminationofsuchageneralnatureastodeservethenameoflaw.

　　Butprinciples,rules,prescriptions,andmethodsareconceptionsindispensabletoatheoryoftheconductofWar,insofarasthattheoryleadstopositivedoctrines,becauseindoctrinesthetruthcanonlycrystalliseitselfinsuchforms.

　　Astacticsisthe

　　anchoftheconductofWarinwhichtheorycanattainthenearesttopositivedoctrine,thereforetheseconceptionswillappearinitmostfrequently.

　　Nottousecavalryagainstun

　　okeninfantryexceptinsomecaseofspecialemergency,onlytousefirearmswithineffectiverangeinthecombat,tosparetheforcesasmuchaspossibleforthefinalstruggle—thesearetacticalprinciples.Noneofthemcanbeappliedabsolutelyineverycase,buttheymustalwaysbepresenttothemindoftheChief,inorderthatthebenefitofthetruthcontainedinthemmaynotbelostincaseswherethattruthcanbeofadvantage.

　　Iffromtheunusualcookingbyanenemy'scamphismovementisinferred,iftheintentionalexposureoftroopsinacombatindicatesafalseattack,thenthiswayofdiscerningthetruthiscalledrule,becausefromasinglevisiblecircumstancethatconclusionisdrawnwhichcorrespondswiththesame.

　　Ifitisaruletoattacktheenemywithrenewedvigour,assoonashebeginstolimberuphisartilleryinthecombat,thenonthisparticularfactdependsacourseofactionwhichisaimedatthegeneralsituationoftheenemyasinferredfromtheabovefact,namely,thatheisabouttogiveupthefight,thatheiscommencingtodrawoffhistroops,andisneithercapableofmakingaseriousstandwhilethusdrawingoffnorofmakinghisretreatgraduallyingoodorder.

　　REGULATIONSandMETHODS

　　ingpreparatorytheoriesintotheconductofWar,insofarasdisciplinedtroopsareinoculatedwiththemasactiveprinciples.Thewholebodyofinstructionsforformations,drill,andfieldserviceareregulationsandmethods:inthedrillinstructionsthefirstpredominate,inthefieldserviceinstructionsthelatter.TothesethingstherealconductofWarattachesitself;ittakesthemover,therefore,asgivenmodesofproceeding,andassuchtheymustappearinthetheoryoftheconductofWar.

　　Butforthoseactivitiesretainingfreedomintheemploymentoftheseforcestherecannotberegulations,thatis,definiteinstructions,becausetheywoulddoawaywithfreedomofaction.Methods,ontheotherhand,asageneralwayofexecutingdutiesastheyarise,calculated,aswehavesaid,onanaverageofprobability,orasadominatinginfluenceofprinciplesandrulescarriedthroughtoapplication,maycertainlyappearinthetheoryoftheconductofWar,providedonlytheyarenotrepresentedassomethingdifferentfromwhattheyare,notastheabsoluteandnecessarymodesofaction(systems),butasthebestofgeneralformswhichmaybeusedasshorterwaysinplaceofaparticulardispositionfortheoccasion,atdiscretion.m.χＩùmЬ.ＣǒＭ

　　ButthefrequentapplicationofmethodswillbeseentobemostessentialandunavoidableintheconductofWar,ifwereflecthowmuchactionproceedsonmereconjecture,orincompleteuncertainty,becauseonesideispreventedfromlearningallthecircumstanceswhichinfluencethedispositionsoftheother,orbecause,evenifthesecircumstanceswhichinfluencethedecisionsoftheonewerereallyknown,thereisnot,owingtotheirextentandthedispositionstheywouldentail,sufficienttimefortheothertocarryoutallnecessarycounteractingmeasures—thatthereforemeasuresinWarmustalwaysbecalculatedonacertainnumberofpossibilities;ifwereflecthownumberlessarethetriflingthingsbelongingtoanysingleevent,andwhichthereforeshouldbetakenintoaccountalongwithit,andthatthereforethereisnoothermeanstosupposetheonecounteractedbytheother,andtobaseourarrangementsonlyuponwhatisofageneralnatureandprobable;ifwereflectlastlythat,owingtotheincreasingnumberofofficersaswedescendthescaleofrank,lessmustbelefttothetruediscernmentandripejudgmentofindividualsthelowerthesphereofaction,andthatwhenwereachthoserankswherewecanlookfornoothernotionsbutthosewhichtheregulationsoftheserviceandexperienceafford,wemusthelpthemwiththemethodicformsborderingonthoseregulations.Thiswillservebothasasupporttotheirjudgmentandabarrieragainstthoseextravagantanderroneousviewswhicharesoespeciallytobedreadedinaspherewhereexperienceissocostly.

　　Besidesthisabsoluteneedofmethodinaction,wemustalsoacknowledgethatithasapositiveadvantage,whichisthat,throughtheconstantrepetitionofaformalexercise,areadiness,precision,andfirmnessisattainedinthemovementoftroopswhichdiminishesthenaturalfriction,andmakesthemachinemoveeasier.

　　Methodwillthereforebethemoregenerallyused,becomethemoreindispensable,thefartherdownthescaleofrankthepositionoftheactiveagent;andontheotherhand,itsusewilldiminishupwards,untilinthehighestpositionitquitedisappears.Forthisreasonitismoreinitsplaceintacticsthaninstrategy.

　　Warinitshighestaspectsconsistsnotofaninfinitenumberoflittleevents,thediversitiesinwhichcompensateeachother,andwhichthereforebyabetterorworsemethodarebetterorworsegoverned,butofseparategreatdecisiveeventswhichmustbedealtwithseparately.Itisnotlikeafieldofstalks,which,withoutanyregardtotheparticularformofeachstalk,willbemowedbetterorworse,accordingasthemowinginstrumentisgoodorbad,butratherasagroupoflargetrees,towhichtheaxemustbelaidwithjudgment,accordingtotheparticularformandinclinationofeachseparatetrunk.

　　Howhighupinmilitaryactivitytheadmissibilityofmethodinactionreachesnaturallydeterminesitself,notaccordingtoactualrank,butaccordingtothings;anditaffectsthehighestpositionsinalessdegree,onlybecausethesepositionshavethemostcomprehensivesubjectsofactivity.Aconstantorderofbattle,aconstantformationofadvanceguardsandoutposts,aremethodsbywhichaGeneraltiesnotonlyhissubordinates'hands,butalsohisownincertaincases.Certainlytheymayhavebeendevisedbyhimself,andmaybeappliedbyhimaccordingtocircumstances,buttheymayalsobeasubjectoftheory,insofarastheyarebasedonthegeneralpropertiesoftroopsandweapons.Ontheotherhand,anymethodbywhichdefiniteplansforwarsorcampaignsaretobegivenoutallreadymadeasiffromamachineareabsolutelyworthless.

　　Aslongasthereexistsnotheorywhichcanbesustained,thatis,noenlightenedtreatiseontheconductofWar,methodinactioncannotbutencroachbeyonditsproperlimitsinhighplaces,formenemployedinthesespheresofactivityhavenotalwayshadtheopportunityofeducatingthemselves,throughstudyandthroughcontactwiththehigherinterests.Intheimpracticableandinconsistentdisquisitionsoftheoristsandcriticstheycannotfindtheirway,theirsoundcommonsenserejectsthem,andasthey

　　ingwiththemnoknowledgebutthatderivedfromexperience,thereforeinthosecaseswhichadmitof,andrequire,afreeindividualtreatmenttheyreadilymakeuseofthemeanswhichexperiencegivesthem—thatis,animitationoftheparticularmethodspractisedbygreatGenerals,bywhichamethodofactionthenarisesofitself.IfweseeFredericktheGreat'sGeneralsalwaysmakingtheirappearanceinthesocalledobliqueorderofbattle,theGeneralsoftheFrenchRevolutionalwaysusingturningmovementswithalong,extendedlineofbattle,andBuonaparte'slieutenantsrushingtotheattackwiththebloodyenergyofconcentratedmasses,thenwerecogniseintherecurrenceofthemodeofproceedingevidentlyanadoptedmethod,andseethereforethatmethodofactioncanreachuptoregionsborderingonthehighest.ShouldanimprovedtheoryfacilitatethestudyoftheconductofWar,formthemindandjudgmentofmenwhoarerisingtothehighestcommands,thenalsomethodinactionwillnolongerreachsofar,andsomuchofitasistobeconsideredindispensablewillthenatleastbeformedfromtheoryitself,andnottakeplaceoutofmereimitation.HoweverpreeminentlyagreatCommanderdoesthings,thereisalwayssomethingsubjectiveinthewayhedoesthem;andifhehasacertainmanner,alargeshareofhisindividualityiscontainedinitwhichdoesnotalwaysaccordwiththeindividualityofthepersonwhocopieshismanner.

　　Atthesametime,itwouldneitherbepossiblenorrighttobanishsubjectivemethodicismormannercompletelyfromtheconductofWar:itisrathertoberegardedasamanifestationofthatinfluencewhichthegeneralcharacterofaWarhasuponitsseparateevents,andtowhichsatisfactioncanonlybedoneinthatwayiftheoryisnotabletoforeseethisgeneralcharacterandincludeitinitsconsiderations.WhatismorenaturalthanthattheWaroftheFrenchRevolutionhaditsownwayofdoingthings?andwhattheorycouldeverhaveincludedthatpeculiarmethod?Theevilisonlythatsuchamanneroriginatinginaspecialcaseeasilyoutlivesitself,becauseitcontinueswhilstcircumstancesimperceptiblychange.Thisiswhattheoryshouldpreventbylucidandrationalcriticism.Whenintheyear1806thePrussianGenerals,PrinceLouisatSaalfeld,TauentzienontheDornbergnearJena,GrawertbeforeandRuechelbehindKappellendorf,allthrewthemselvesintotheopenjawsofdestructionintheobliqueorderofFredericktheGreat,andmanagedtoruinHohenlohe'sArmyinawaythatnoArmywaseverruined,evenonthefieldofbattle,allthiswasdonethroughamannerwhichhadoutliveditsday,togetherwiththemostdownrightstupiditytowhichmethodicismeverled. 蓝星，夏国。

　　肿瘤科病房，弥漫着医院独有的消毒水味道。病房是单人间，设施俱全，温馨舒适。

　

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　可对于孑然一身的路遥来讲，却是无人问津的等死之地。

　　他是癌症晚期，靠着意志力撑到现在，但也只是多受几天罪罢了。

　　此刻，路遥躺在病床上，怔怔望着床头柜上的水杯，想喝口水。

　　可他拼尽全力却无法让身体离开病床。剧痛和衰弱，让这原本无比简单的事情成了奢望。

　　这时，一道幸灾乐祸的声音响起：“表哥~你真是狼狈呢。连喝口水都得指望别人施舍。”

　　一位英俊的年轻男子悠闲坐在病床前，翘着二郎腿，眼睛笑成一道缝。

　　“你求求我，我给你喝口水如何？”

　　路遥面无表情，一言不发。自从失去了自理能力，一帮亲戚的嘴脸已经见多了，不差这一个。

　　男子起身，将水杯拿在手里递过来，“表哥别生气，我开玩笑的，你对我这么好，喂你口水还是能办到的。”

　　说完话，他将水杯里的水，缓缓倒在路遥苍白消瘦的脸上。

　　被呛到，路遥无力的咳嗽几声，好在少量的水流过嗓子，让他有了几丝说话的力气：

　

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　“张鑫，为什么？我从未得罪过你。你去星盟国留学，还是我资助的！”

　　张鑫将水杯放下，不紧不慢的说：“谁让你这么古板呢，只是运点感冒药罢了，又不犯法，你非得千方百计的拦着。”

　　路遥脸上闪过一丝了然之色，道：“张鑫你这垃圾，狗改不了吃屎。将感冒药运到国外提炼毒品……咳咳……”

　　张鑫理了下领带，笑道：“你别血口喷人啊，我可是国际知名企业家。这次回国，‘省招商引资局’还打电话欢迎我呢~”

　　路遥叹了口气，现在的自己什么都做不了，索性闭上眼睛不再说话，安静等待死亡的到来。

　　但张鑫却不想让眼前饱受病痛折磨、即将离世的表兄走好。他附身靠近，悄悄说道：琇書蛧

　　“表哥啊~其实呢，我这次回国主要就是见你一面，告诉你一声——你的癌，是我弄出来的~”

　　路遥陡然挣开眼，“你说什么！”

　　张鑫笑眯眯的掏出个铅盒打开，里面是件古怪的三角形饰物，仅有巴掌大小，中间是只眼睛似的图案，一看就很有年代感。

　　“眼熟吧？这是我亲手送你的，货真价实的古董。我在里面掺了点放射性物质，长期接触就会变成你现在这副鬼样子。”

　　路遥马上认出来，这是自己很喜欢的一件古物，天天摆在书桌上，时不时的把玩，没想到却是要人命的东西！

　　他伸出枯枝似的手臂，死死的抓住眼前人的胳膊！“你……”

　　“别激动~表哥，我西装很贵的。”张鑫轻松拿掉路遥的手，小心的捏起铅盒，将放射性饰物塞进他怀里。

　　“我赶飞机，得先走一步。你好好留着这个当做纪念吧，有机会再去你的坟头蹦迪~”

　　说完话，张鑫从容起身离开。临走前，还回头俏皮的眨眨眼。他原本就男生女相，此时的神态动作居然有些娇媚。

　　保镖很有眼力劲，赶紧打开病房门。同时用无线耳麦联络同事，提前发动汽车。

　　~~~~~~~~

　　路遥只能无力的瘫在床上，浑身皆是钻心剜骨般的剧痛，还有无穷悔恨、不甘。

　

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　但很快，剧痛渐渐消失，只剩麻木，路遥隐约听到过世的双亲在喊他。

　　就在路遥的身体越来越飘，即将失去意识时，胸口突然阵阵发烫，将他惊醒。

　　从怀中摸出那三角形饰物，发现这玩意变得滚烫无比，还在缓缓发光！

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